Is this a problem of the chart? Or the persistence (I am using rrd4j for the charts)? Or is there anything I can do against? Maybe I have to synchronize the refresh rate and the script execution (every minute)?
It’s the problem of RRD. RRD uses only a limited number of values which are calculated to a mean value.
Please read about rrd4j persistence in the openhab wiki https://github.com/openhab/openhab/wiki/rrd4j-Persistence.
Older values are compressed to meet the goal of a not growing database. Therefore you get mean values for a certain period of time.