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It’s deprecated in browsers but I still think you can still do this. If not then the answer is no, you can’t authenticate in the URL.
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Install the REST Docs (under UIs in PaperUI) and you will see all the end points. You will want to look under Items.
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Depends on the technology or cloud API they are connected to. I suspect every binding handles it different based on the unique qualities they are connected to.
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If it ever get’s turned back on perhaps IFTTT can handle this. If you are willing to open your LAN to the internet (I strongly recommend against this) you can set up a web page that updates an Item. See OAuth2 using just OH Rules and myopenhab.org for an example. But again, I cannot state this strongly enough, do not do this.