Do I need to be on the latest version for testing Core Framework code?

Do I need to be on the latest 4.3.0-SNAPSHOT in order to test any jar I build from the openHAB Core repo?

currently I have the stable version 4.2. Would I still be able to test any jars built with 4.3.0-SNAPSHOT on that version?

Very likely this is not possible, though it might work in some cases.
For development, I have openHAB installed on my laptop where I can play around with it.

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is there a guide for the core like the addons?

TBH, I don’t know if there is a guide.

My approach is usually to start my local dev instance of openHAB from the console and then build the modified core bundle and install it from the Karaf console with

bundle:update BUNDLE_ID file:///some/path

where BUNDLE_ID can be retrieved through

bundle:list org.openhab.core.some.bundle

For some bundles, you need to restart openHAB after updating them, verify after a restart that your bundle is installed by checking the build timestamp wirh bundle:list.